Functional Neurosurgery

* Movement Disorders: Such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia.

* Epilepsy: Medically refractory epilepsy that does not respond to medication.

* Chronic Pain: Neuropathic pain conditions, such as trigeminal neuralgia and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).

* Spasticity: Excessive muscle stiffness and spasms due to conditions like cerebral palsy or multiple sclerosis.

* Psychiatric Disorders: Severe cases of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and other mental health conditions that are resistant to conventional treatments.

* Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): In severe, treatment-resistant cases.

1). Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): Involves implanting electrodes in specific areas of the brain to modulate abnormal electrical activity. It is commonly used for Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, dystonia, and some psychiatric disorders.

2). Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS): Involves implanting a device that sends electrical impulses to the vagus nerve, used to treat epilepsy and depression.

3). Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS): An implanted device monitors brain activity and delivers electrical stimulation to prevent seizures.

4). Motor Cortex Stimulation (MCS): Electrical stimulation of the motor cortex to treat chronic pain.

5). Stereotactic Radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure using focused radiation to target specific brain areas, often used for trigeminal neuralgia.

6). Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS): Implanted devices that deliver electrical impulses to the spinal cord to relieve chronic pain.

7). Intrathecal Drug Delivery: Implantation of a pump that delivers medication directly into the cerebrospinal fluid to manage spasticity or chronic pain.

1). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Detailed imaging of brain and spinal structures to identify targets for surgery.

2). Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: Used in combination with MRI for precise localization.

3). Electroencephalography (EEG): Records electrical activity in the brain, especially useful in epilepsy surgery.

4). Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Assesses metabolic activity of brain regions.

5). Functional MRI (fMRI): Measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, aiding in mapping functional areas.

6). Clinical Assessment: Comprehensive evaluation of symptoms, medical history, and response to previous treatments.

1). Stereotactic Surgery: Uses a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate small targets within the brain.

2). Microsurgery: Use of a microscope to enhance precision in delicate procedures.

3). Minimally Invasive Surgery: Smaller incisions and less tissue disruption, leading to faster recovery.

4). Image-Guided Surgery: Real-time imaging technologies to enhance accuracy.

5). Robotic-Assisted Surgery: Enhances precision and control in complex procedures.

* Infection: Risk of infection at the surgical site or around implanted devices.

* Bleeding: Potential for excessive bleeding during or after surgery.

* Hardware Complications: Issues with implanted devices, such as movement or malfunction.

* Neurological Deficits: Risk of new or worsened neurological symptoms.

* Anesthesia Complications: Risks associated with general anesthesia.

* Seizures: Risk of provoking seizures in patients undergoing brain surgery.

* Hospital Stay: Duration varies depending on the procedure and patient condition.

* Physical Therapy: Exercises to restore strength, coordination, and function.

* Occupational Therapy: Helps patients regain skills needed for daily activities.

* Pain Management: Use of medications and other techniques to manage postoperative pain.

* Follow-Up Care: Regular monitoring to assess recovery, adjust device settings, and address any complications.

* Neuroimaging: Improved imaging techniques for better diagnosis and surgical planning.

* Genetic and Molecular Research: Understanding the genetic basis of neurological disorders to develop targeted therapies.

* Regenerative Medicine: Potential use of stem cells and growth factors to repair neural damage.

* Neuroendoscopy: Advances in minimally invasive techniques.

* Robotic Surgery: Increased precision and reduced recovery times.

* Closed-Loop Systems: Devices that can adapt to the patient's brain activity in real-time.

* Artificial Intelligence (AI): Use of AI to improve surgical planning and outcomes.